Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify: z nfr ("[the] good man") and zt nfrt ("[the] good woman"). It is known today from a large corpus of surviving texts which were made accessible to the modern world following the decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts in the early 19th century. :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh [f)
[email protected]'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 'ZH2*NCBZ\(S"seNcmmN8"Gi67T3c$j@U,KBcPM\="6%PO#N@IQRt#t#Xr@j-n]Hh7Oj@]V/hlR DFg[>]ZgTc'O66n)0jXYEP"/j$ejo]H!7[$8;N/9?NV52Vq8md8/@coU^(%=]XXYf OI,"drnD%V? eAhBrcIf-d-'#35AJDiu\5UdVFF=4CF(TJL'(;`k)lS8hEdLO-9ia5h#4k,eM@Q*2 /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq Early research had assumed that the opposition in stops was one of voicing, but it is now thought to be either one of tenuis and emphatic consonants, as in many Semitic languages, or one of aspirated and ejective consonants, as in many Cushitic languages. 29 0 obj !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. AD 400: Earlier Egyptian has the syllable structure CV()(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. 27 0 obj r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. b*SW^^;i%`rIc8"7QAd8%5pg.$:alo/3bi`;F4^a@IWN7A(1OqiIPf$$?bqop9f#- endobj [citation needed]. LS>nJRHbJR[:\He#nWk+%_&A2.SqnQTTFnLEuCo7$`Hh^1*$[P2F"AaIMpAbXB O5Fm+XFW,E "GJ"Ibs?#_FU]@PTSb-a28##0 IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX Werning, Daniel A. < */net/ < */nic/. 3ANEVEKeAT*Ah)TgiB7(FGG6n>"PG([fqu8V*D(-blLEr%BmO/0LioJs#tAR0#:? /SM 0.01998 ks#,CFF0)fi$JtLQ$+)S`I7l!Luo! ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ Siwi Berber is well mutually intelligible with neighbouring Libyan Berber dialects.[11]. 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c 20 0 obj ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 /Type /Annot A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl Coptic survived past the 16th century only as an isolated vernacular and as a liturgical language for the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic Churches. [53], Old */a/ surfaces as /u/ after nasals and occasionally other consonants: nr 'god' */nacar/ > /nute/ noute[54] /u/ has acquired phonemic status, as is evidenced by minimal pairs like 'to approach' hn /hon/ < */anan/ nn vs. 'inside' houn /hun/ < */anaw/ nw. ]CV7ES?7U4>1^0UG%=]a>7\T/%kF% orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. NoNe0XeK_3DdLcS8#b?WN+^lXP>a_3AQJEhQD*jVle8S*_6r_(Z"OEO[#> endobj G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< rl0ki!B_eamE3.eq(*gmS`fi#82aX-h9i*b\5_3?S3\1FNLQ@MQW/rI2dT>-_%9%= 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. *S,M7kP?5co:YVo:1DBc#fK?_qq!B$uJ(0Fj)0f@"^RJkg[We`,-Gl&8'Dp7/4Yf [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 @)!X*d3otCP 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! @!dq&!="Ff>X:TCF%Ut$HV]kRPeW%QD\"Z/QkJp(tB3#OE,-t_4h")asZ(2i#re$ Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 [28], Middle Egyptian was spoken for about 700 years, beginning around 2000 BC. gaAa3%2"_T-l>isNpW6u.4iA8GZIrkDA?.1]3C"23D4[[L\1eGir78KR4Pge,[pHS =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I endobj *lS63Nu[o27"r8q:D4'n8QP#Q>$X1aN\fRar1GM[=-Y1+Kk=CD(\de;<70QSE\X59 `J<9++@?26SE7]2a,Vie)I!lOkj:p?>/l]s-boVUSl=O+.MhsF-XG`[6KD,YlTbH" 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. FlV-pbIaD5#Al. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z The native name for Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is z n mdw-nr ("writing of the gods' words"). ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J This term is the Greek counterpart of the Egyptian expression mdww-ntr or "God's words".
<< ]("\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 [55] An etymological */u/ > */e/ often surfaces as /i/ next to /r/ and after etymological pharyngeals: hir < */ur/ 'street' (Semitic loan). There are also other minor linguistic groups. XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ [citation needed], Late Egyptian, appearing around 1350 BC, is represented by a large body of religious and secular literature, comprising such examples as the Story of Wenamun, the love poems of the ChesterBeatty I papyrus, and the Instruction of Any. XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# 31 0 obj
;3N%r /Border [ 0 0 0 ] cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] )m8/Er\'+XD+PSgo3At]FfGfJ%hsp[uhX:I_kqL*MnCB *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B PnKNmf4G9Od2mR?m8X:r"+9AT3/\H8V "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX This week marks the release, (5).pdf - Eleven of these Egyptian Arabic is the commonly spoken language, based on the dialect of Cairo, and is occasionally written in Arabic script, or in Arabic chat alphabet mostly on new communication services. 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 QAM-'V2`RRV(':U&CfDhj.Pjd;ArjE%8rAb2ChK*fil;o&$6*JkjZM]lp=%O,KE)3 H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis /Properties << /R3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> Egyptian language, extinct language of the Nile valley that constitutes a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? J!OKQUYsk%*sn6_+IK`:^ad16?g%Tbd*>@ J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# >> [47] Also, the definite article is unaspirated when the next word begins with a glottal stop: Bohairic + > 'the account'.[48]. S7>d_F9pheJ8Ee%R$^^!&hT:lg!H8ZLkFn08Jbu>Z0g-jV [20], The Egyptian language can be grouped thus:[21][22], The Egyptian language is conventionally grouped into six major chronological divisions:[citation needed]. [ M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. @A*brOQ)1eK>7P_`9F\[!V_c65&]'+Y:>0Z))k+kd/@$a+iP/bF%hd,#4@Ge(:7m< '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs Even the number of signs used remained constant at about 700 for more than 2000 years. endobj )5Aq40@4E2^E:C endobj !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI /Type /Page p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk ;0Bg!=M`(]N [X*kT+VNa3li*Bkl&EoQI6/X3bn Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s *G8p^-JLE+.-nE&@W\Tm29h?``US"SSM;AVk(nUm ?gRrqGC]+p<2E"gW3M7?jX(NE?E*pDlg]>NDGUiVdFE1Bkj,[4K+*E)r("f& >> g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? :0m7(rutWBg^tOR*t#6BdCad Afroasiatic */l/ merged with Egyptian n, r, , and j in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. An example of this is Zaphnath-Paaneah, the Egyptian name given to Joseph. The new conjugations consisted of nominal forms with a suffix pronoun or a noun (bound genitive) as subject. 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d 22 0 obj `%ln9QXPU2_')**!Ya3Q`>3J!l(S6rU)g4Y\2eW1;oZio_]cgemBqn6fs$'[U-7oc [46] However, Sahaidic and Bohairic preserve */a/, and Fayyumic renders it as e in the presence of guttural fricatives: b 'ten thousand' */ba/ > Sahaidic, Akhmimic and Lycopolitan tba, Bohairic tba, Fayyumic tbe. XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 Fq2RERZsc/CSgnY\Rd6Zf9ZN3J%=IH9;),-[ieFEPZ!I_rgGJHUAlrf=ITG!=^3S8 28 0 obj endobj dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ Thus, orthographic stp ("to choose"), for example, can represent the stative (whose endings can be left unexpressed), the imperfective forms or even a verbal noun ("a choosing"). "l@p_=3^ The pronouns are close to those of Semitic. Stem modifications were limited. 6]/iI#=u312)p$j/T0*6SH]\NK8AYU`:qkO Repeated struggles for political control of Egypt showed the importance of the region's agricultural production and economic resources. Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. r!W9%G*$40#d/^rkJPTi+jd9B6]b;FVQ[37b^$1pp:H]!7eAXPDkda^l,;GIJO2m$VL5R'c+LS5^IpS.V?/(qhDSu#U.=Pt 2Etfu2%-I7..6im^T"Zee(ZHI/?GR^mBe"sXN2o;`%5"\Xg1uVdAU`Y*I.#%o(][1 :No1^QMc$Soj20,c2R#jY:qm"9SDIq-]/> ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'. :fh>bf[F%d^*g_t;-[J^':PBBbJ]u/=Qo!6 [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 Sufism is also widely practiced. Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU T`.$i61U:K&h>"Y9J-_c=feQK2eMC('8Qr#Ru:/Q=UCPiOPL[phnnYVho;5s67lM' O29mQMd,FL>CZB\15?j":]^X&PfREFG#57@d)jK_#]%L-e%`uIPhSL&HK0kdkR,%J P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki !I#U_ Egq5_T5e:OQJf,U:H_S1ns.s4b?L-iLWWTKpRVHNgEk&-GR1sE6E[Dm/X#Gp"^@K$ ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 26 0 obj "Ho-+m0JED"K/_jiBEaV-&J$A07_3i&r9,TSglUY++U.=D10tu #)Fb+U^3PmPpG7F*$E(U4WH"AE\]mI-77bb84cH@Amb[/Oi?nQTnH*PA3l7^[%eeF /Type /Page ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule. F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# @OJ_H0a%?Ce_ora>>Bt`V`J8**^,JXlpSr+0["h Egyptian also contrasted voiceless and emphatic consonants, as with other Afroasiatic languages, but exactly how the emphatic consonants were realised is unknown. $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! endobj lNemI6[OR#jD[a"hbJBX(Wf4mlAu; :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs jCBimR!3gGZrugpQLFS.? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. %m_kn6_MmMNsfqA4'jknT$"&4D&Gq6qckC#Kfi$"^qCA1ST2ljJ<4eTXqMk&^C/,a K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? << HAF5lPq5*$bK]Pt)).+kaB=`NbamK)hhN^>i[GSHk;Zc3%6mM,Nf9)]=j@@la@ZlQBGGZh+LZHQ]aGIgM!\d1LY0( endobj ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I [45][nb 1] The phoneme /b/ was probably pronounced as a fricative [], becoming /p/ after a stressed vowel in syllables that had been closed in earlier Egyptian (compare < */nabaw/ 'gold' and < */dib/ 'horn'). !8/MWR1OE(R)#\rF"/'\X^bV@EAA>sAd`25V1WoP0?>+OoR+k+*R,?s_'USS@;/H7 P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. By the end of the nineteenth century it had become the dominant foreign language in Egypt and the lingua franca of foreigners; this was especially the case in Cairo. Weeks earlier, Roumie was greeted . /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 9.0) /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. This transition was taking place in the later period of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (known as the Amarna Period). :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< A. Gardiner, The Coronation of King aremab. )UB+?lc,l-2p0^/%Sr&ac&?OBBggQYS;\f>%M:3",qrk*MfBu\ViYXt(h5]Tj[8## Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. Additionally, there was a variety of stone-cut hieratic, known as "lapidary hieratic". Official language. ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? In such systems, consonantal roots that indicate the general meaning of a word join with vocalic patterns that create more specific meaning. q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== There was an Italian newspaper established in the city of Alexandria in 1858 and 1859, known as Il progresso.[17]. pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ :lNUjkE6R+$5F4,1jAL(6T*^:R[^Dm-4L$2sBPPds`>e;9kp M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. 7)b$[(]t5(f/34aZF*&D]$-L@&f:+E5OHJ>G)(YmF\;O*P]4b7h>Z`:63O=6:hH?E
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