Operator at Complex Number Calculator (CNC). Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes into the display and keyboard unit (DSKY). Dropout rates are higher in online courses. By 2011, over 2.4 million laptops had been shipped. VisiCalc was released in 1979 and quickly became a must-have tool for business users. 1951. News of the groundbreaking electronic ENIAC computer that same year inspired the group to change course and attempt a digital solution, whereby flight variables could be rapidly programmed in software. Using this system, the machine could work faster than any other at the time on a problem that could be parceled out among the many processors. Once finally completed, it achieved a computational speed of 200 million instructions per second and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of its parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipelining" structure of its 64 processing elements. MADDIDA is a digital drum-based differential analyzer. The Difference Engine #2 at the Science Museum, London. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. It performed 2 million instructions per second, but other RISC-based computers worked significantly faster. 25. Mark-8 featured on Radio-Electronics July 1974 cover. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. The RISC microprocessor had a 32-bit integer arithmetic and logic unit (the part of the CPU that performs operations such as addition and subtraction), a 64-bit floating-point unit, and a clock rate of 33 MHz. The PC Jr. is marketed as a home computer but is too expensive and limited in performance to compete with many of the other machines in that market. The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best-selling model of home computers of all time. Cuthbert Hurd (standing) and Thomas Watson, Sr. at IBM 701 console. More than one hundred Paragons were installed over the lifetime of the system, each costing as much as five million dollars. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. The Mark-8 Do-It-Yourself kit is designed by graduate student John Titus and uses the Intel 8008 microprocessor. The Programma 101 could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as calculate square roots. The Arduino used a Java-based integrated development environment and users could access a library of programs, called Wiring, that allowed for simplified programming. Rather than testing components like the SEAC, the SWAC was built using already-developed technology. Bill Gates and Paul Allen licensed their BASIC programming language interpreter to MITS as the main language for the Altair. With a distinctive anodized aluminum case, and hailed as the first true 64-bit personal computer, the Apple G5 is the most powerful Macintosh ever released to that point. The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. 1945: Memex What kind of software tool are Notebook and ActivInspire examples of? The knowledge and technologies developed for the Stretch project played a major role in the design, management, and manufacture of the later IBM System/360--the most successful computer family in IBM history. B. Part of the speed came from the computers design, which used 10 small computers, known as peripheral processing units, to offload the workload from the central processor. It used $120 worth of electronics components, as outlined in the September 1973 issue of hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics. System/360 was aimed at both business and scientific customers and all models could run the same software, largely without modification. Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. A (n) _____ is a computer that controls access to the hardware and software on a network and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information. The Zilog Z-80 could run any program written for the 8080 and included twice as many built-in machine instructions. Hungarian-born von Neumann demonstrated prodigious expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, statistics, and the use of mechanical devices for computation. answer choices 20 pin P1 connector 8 pin auxiliary connector 24+4 pin P1 connector Which of the following is not a file format in which audio-video files can be imported from a source and stored in a computer? Which of the following is not a quality to look for in well-developed tutorial software? The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. A series of pulleys transported continuous rolls of punched paper tape containing possible solutions to a particular code. It was a commercial computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. An ecologist, for example, could sprinkle thousands of motes from the air onto a field and measure soil and air temperature, moisture, and sunlight, giving them accurate real-time data about the environment. The 1101, designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. For many business users, quick access to this huge storage capability outweighed its relatively slow processing speed. The ABC was at the center of a patent dispute related to the invention of the computer, which was resolved in 1973 when it was shown that ENIAC co-designer John Mauchly had seen the ABC shortly after it became functional. The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. System control was provided through the Atlas Supervisor, which some consider to be the first true operating system. The last one was decommissioned in 1979. Foremost among its developments was Forresters perfection of magnetic core memory, which became the dominant form of high-speed random access memory for computers until the mid-1970s. This high performance processor found its place in powerful work stations intended for graphics-intensive programs common in engineering. Working under Tom Kilburn at Englands Manchester University, Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb demonstrate a prototype transistorized computer, the "Manchester TC", on November 16, 1953. An offshoot of the POWER XCell8i chip was used as the main processor in the Sony PlayStation 3 game console. A. A British government contract spurred its initial development but a change in government led to loss of funding and the second and only other Mark I was sold at a major loss to the University of Toronto, where it was re-christened FERUT. This keyboard design was dubbed the Butterfly. The need for such a design was lessened as laptop screens grew wider. The First Microcomputer: Altair 8800. The basic idea for bombes came from Polish code-breaker Marian Rejewski's 1938 "Bomba.". Its task was to detect incoming Soviet bombers and direct interceptor aircraft to destroy them. Produce results (output) 4. Instruction for which all students "meet" with the instructor by video at a designated time of day would be an example of this kind of distance course. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. [3] IBM SSEC, became operational in January 1948 but was electromechanical [22] This object-oriented multitasking operating system was groundbreaking in its ability to foster rapid development of software applications. IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC). The PowerBook 170 was the high-end model, featuring an active matrix display, faster processor, as well as a floating point unit. The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) is among the first stored program computers completed in the United States. Franklin was able to undercut Apple's pricing even while offering some features not available on the original. The MOS 6502 was introduced at a conference in San Francisco at a cost of $25, far less than comparable processors from Intel and Motorola, leading some attendees to believe that the company was perpetrating a hoax. Dollars. Of the following, which is one of the controversies surrounding use of word processing in schools? User interface When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. Compaq beats IBM to the market when it announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intels new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? In 1983 Zojirushi introduced a rice cooker that was among the first consumer-oriented products to rely on fuzzy logic. Atari's 8-bit computers were influential in the arts, especially in the emerging DemoScene culture of the 1980s and '90s. Which kind of software tool would a teacher choose in order to develop a test item bank? The inside of the Amiga case is engraved with the signatures of the Amiga designers, including Jay Miner as well as the paw print of his dog Mitchy. Cameras would become a significant part of most phones within a year, and several countries have even passed laws regulating their use. One of the earliest and most popular pieces of software for microcomputers was the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. When Xerox PARC loaned the Stanford Engineering Department an entire Alto Ethernet network with laser printer, graduate student Andy Bechtolsheim re-designed it into a prototype that he then attached to Stanfords computer network. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. MOS 6502 ad from IEEE Computer, Sept. 1975. Called a complex instruction set computer, VAX systems were backward compatible and so preserved the investment owners of previous DEC computers had in software. This printing programmable calculator was made from discrete transistors and an acoustic delay-line memory. The system was kept at NASA Ames Research Center until 2013, when it was removed to make way for two new supercomputers. Despite using 98,304 PowerPC chips, Sequoia's relatively low power usage made it unusually efficient. In 1973, after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors. The trio soon attracted UC Berkeley UNIX guru Bill Joy, who led software development. The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The Micral N was the first in the series and was produced by the company R2E. The Watch was received with great enthusiasm, but critics took issue with the somewhat limited battery life and high price. Customers included US military as well as industry. All three PowerBooks introduced featured a built-in trackball, internal floppy drive, and palm rests, which would eventually become typical of 1990s laptop design. He is the creator of the first consumer flight simulator software. The Pi weighed only 45 grams and initially sold for only $25-$35 U.S. The Macintosh Portable was heavy, weighing sixteen pounds, and expensive (US$6,500). It is recognized by the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records as the greatest selling single computer of all time. Commodores Amiga 1000 is announced with a major event at New York's Lincoln Center featuring celebrities like Andy Warhol and Debbie Harry of the musical group Blondie. Wilkes' ideas grew out of the Moore School lectures he had attended three years earlier. University of Manchester researchers Frederic Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Geoff Toothill develop the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), better known as the Manchester "Baby." This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. Dubbed a Personal Data Assistant by Apple President John Scully in 1992, the Newton featured many of the features that would define handheld computers in the following decades. What is a prominent research finding regarding students who engage in computer programming activities? The 501 is built on a 'building block' concept which allows it to be highly flexible for many different uses and could simultaneously control up to 63 tape drivesvery useful for large databases of information. It presents an approach to the technology and the implementation prOblem, documented with information about specific transit applica-tions. The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. Columbia Supercomputer system made up of SGI Altix. Answer: . The micro has to have a real . What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. ducing microcomputers to small and medium-sized transit operating agen-cies. The typical PDP-1 computer system, which sells for about $120,000, includes a cathode ray tube graphic display, paper tape input/output, needs no air conditioning and requires only one operator; all of which become standards for minicomputers. For easy replacement, designers placed each transistor circuit inside a "bottle," similar to a vacuum tube. Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. True/False True The most controversial changes to Windows in Windows 8 were the GUI. In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. CHAPTER 5 QUESTION 1 1. The design packed 800 vacuum tubes into a relatively compact 12 square feet. True The term DBMS is used in reference to spreadsheet software. At the 2006 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) announces it will create a program to deliver technology and resources to targeted schools in the least developed countries. Until the year 2000, it was the world's fastest supercomputer, able to achieve peak performance of 1.3 teraflops, (about 1.3 trillion calculations per second). Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to test recording equipment and speaker systems for the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie Fantasia in 1940. Based on ideas from Alan Turing, Britains Pilot ACE computer is constructed at the National Physical Laboratory. Instead of designing a custom controller, two young engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) -- Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro -- do something unusual: they develop a small, general purpose computer and program it to do the job. Its large scope intrigued early hackers at MIT, who wrote the first computerized video game, SpaceWar!, as well as programs to play music. It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. The first microcomputer was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. What set the 486 apart was its optimized instruction set, with an on-chip unified instruction and data cache and an optional on-chip floating-point unit. Download now! The PROMs What made the Sacramento State computer both so unique--and so expensive--was the programmable read-only memory on its motherboard. Microcomputers are an interesting part of the history of both computing and video games. Its Williams-Kilburn tube memory system was later adopted by several other early computer systems around the world. Follow-on versions of the Kindle added further audio-video capabilities. The machine used up to 65,536 one-bit processors and could complete several billion operations per second. Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing. The Altair 8800, produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) and invented by Ed Roberts, was originally sold as a kit. Their first product, the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. The Tandem-16 eventually led to the Non-Stop series of systems, which were used for early ATMs and to monitor stock trades. The Model 650 was also highly popular in universities, where a generation of students first learned programming. Linux, NetWare, UNIX, Windows. Lisa itself, and especially its GUI, were inspired by earlier work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. It was also repeatedly expanded and improved throughout its 13-year lifespan. Palm Inc., founded by Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins, originally created software for the Casio Zoomer personal data assistant. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows. Its price was especially attractive as the computer included very useful productivity software worth about $1,500 alone. One biblical scholar even used a Univac 1 to compile a concordance to the King James version of the Bible. Apple had initially included a handle in their Macintosh computers to encourage users to take their Macs on the go, though not until five years after the initial introduction does Apple introduce a true portable computer. The roots of the companys name came from the acronym for Stanford University Network (SUN). "Best study app ever! Virginia Tech used more than a thousand PowerMac G5s to create the System X cluster supercomputer, rated #3 in November of that year on the worlds TOP500 fastest computers. SABRE is a joint project between American Airlines and IBM. Apple makes a splash with its Bondi Blue iMac, which sells for about $1,300. The Altair had no keyboard and could not be connected to a television screen. a. Mac OS b. DOS (Disk Operating System) c. desktop operating system d. Linux 0 points QUESTION 2 1. What is the function of an IEP generator?
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