2. [20] Cryovolcanoes near the south pole shoot geyser-like jets of water vapor, molecular hydrogen, other volatiles, and solid material, including sodium chloride crystals and ice particles, into space, totaling about 200 kilograms (440 pounds) per second. These waves are produced by the interaction of ionized particles and magnetic fields, and the waves' frequency is close to the gyrofrequency of the freshly produced ions, in this case water vapor. NASA's Europa Clipper is on the Case, NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Images Saturn, Hubble's Grand Tour of the Outer Solar System, Giving and Receiving: A Mission Tradition, NASA Outlines Challenges, Progress for Artemis Moon Missions, NASA's Artemis Rover to Land Near Nobile Region of Moon's South Pole, NASA to Announce Landing Site for Artemis Lunar Robotic Rover, September 2021: The Next Full Moon is the Harvest Moon; the Fruit or Barley Moon, 40 Years On, Remembering Voyager's Legacy at Saturn, NASA Study Highlights Importance of Surface Shadows in Moon Water Puzzle, Hubble Finds First Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede, NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Europa Clipper Mission, July 2021: The Next Full Moon is the Buck Moon, Thunder Moon, Hay Moon, Mead Moon, Glenn Researchers Study New, Futuristic Concept to Explore Titan, Probing for Life in the Icy Crusts of Ocean Worlds. Enceladus was discovered on August 28, 1789, by William Herschel,[1][17][18] but little was known about it until the two Voyager spacecraft, Voyager1 and Voyager2, flew by Saturn in 1980 and 1981. Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Saturn on Aug. 25, 1981. [79], Much of the plume activity consists of broad curtain-like eruptions. [102], The Cassini spacecraft flew through the southern plumes on several occasions to sample and analyze its composition. [45], Like most of Saturn's larger satellites, Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one face pointed toward Saturn. About as wide as Arizona, Enceladus orbits Saturn at a distance of 148,000 miles (238,000 kilometers) between the orbits of two other moons, Mimas and Tethys. [140], It has been suggested that for an icy satellite the size of Mimas or Enceladus to enter an 'excited state' of tidal heating and convection, it would need to enter an orbital resonance before it lost too much of its primordial internal heat. [172] Confirmation of molecular hydrogen (H2) would be an independent line of evidence that hydrothermal activity is taking place in the Enceladus seafloor, increasing its habitability. [130] A more recent analysis claimed that "a model of the tiger stripes as tidally flexed slots that puncture the ice shell can simultaneously explain the persistence of the eruptions through the tidal cycle, the phase lag, and the total power output of the tiger stripe terrain, while suggesting that eruptions are maintained over geological timescales. Read Online Earth Portrait Of A Planet By . [12], Observations during three flybys on February 17, March 9, and July 14, 2005, revealed Enceladus's surface features in much greater detail than the Voyager 2 observations. [63] The high-resolution images of Sarandib Planitia revealed a number of small impact craters, which allow for an estimate of the surface age, either 170 million years or 3.7 billion years, depending on assumed impactor population. Data from the magnetometer instrument during the February 17, 2005, encounter provided evidence for a planetary atmosphere. Enceladus was discovered by William Herschel on August 28, 1789, during the first use of his new 1.2m (47in) 40-foot telescope, then the largest in the world, at Observatory House in Slough, England. The Next Full Moon is the Harvest Moon, the Fruit Moon, the Barley Moon, and the Corn Moon. But it is not as cold and inactive a place as it appears. Variations in lithospheric thickness are supported by the correlation between the Y-shaped discontinuities and the V-shaped cusps along the south polar terrain margin and the relative surface age of the adjacent non-south polar terrain regions. This page showcases our resources for those interested in learning more about ocean worlds. These fractures probably propagate down only a few hundred meters into the crust. The Next Full Moon is the Wolf Moon, Ice Moon, the Moon after Yule, and the Old Moon. [165] These images showed a young surface. The study introduces a theory about a giant impact on the surface of Dione. Social Media Lead: Saturn's moons are considered one of the most likely locations for extraterrestrial life in our solar system. EARTH MARS; Average Distance from Sun: 93 million miles: 142 million miles: Average Speed in Orbiting Sun: 18.5 miles per second: 14.5 miles per second: Diameter: 7,926 miles: 4,220 miles: Tilt of Axis: 23.5 degrees: 25 degrees: Length of Year: 365.25 Days: 687 Earth Days: Length of Day: 23 hours 56 minutes: 24 hours 37 minutes: Gravity: 2.66 . [170] Cassini's extended mission included seven close flybys of Enceladus between July 2008 and July 2010, including two passes at only 50km in the later half of 2008. These discoveries prompted the adjustment of Cassini's flight plan to allow closer flybys of Enceladus, including an encounter in March 2008 that took it to within 48km of the surface. Organic compounds have been found in the plumes rising from the subsurface ocean on Enceladus, adding to the evidence that one of Saturn's most intriguing moons should be explored further. [47] Tidal dissipation of Enceladus's ice crust is significant because Enceladus has a subsurface ocean. The gravitational tug of a planetary body, such as Enceladus, alters a spacecraft's flight path ever so slightly. The mission revealed a planet so phenomenal scientists had to go back. Voyager 1 was the first to fly past Enceladus, at a distance of 202,000km on November 12, 1980. Called Ganymede, it has a diameter of 3,275 miles (5,270 kilometers). These ridges are relatively limited in extent and are up to one kilometer tall. Enceladus. Because Enceladus reflects so much sunlight, the surface temperature is extremely cold, about minus 330 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 201 degrees Celsius). Saturn's moon, Enceladus, is a small, icy world. Moore Boeck, A 3D model of Saturn's moon Enceladus, an icy moon with a hidden subsurface ocean. If mass loss at this rate continued for 4.5 Gyr, the satellite would have lost approximately 30% of its initial mass. A later study from 2019 estimated that the ocean is around one billion years old. There was 02-02-2022 and now 02-22-2022 which some people are calling Twosday.. The shape, orientation, and location of these features suggest they are caused by changes in the overall shape of Enceladus. [49] Enceladus is orbiting inside the ring, at its narrowest but highest density point. Because no ammonia was initially found in the vented material by INMS or UVIS, which could act as an antifreeze, it was thought such a heated, pressurized chamber would consist of nearly pure liquid water with a temperature of at least 270K (3C), because pure water requires more energy to melt. enceladus gravity compared to earthmanticore greek mythology. But with a mass of 1.08 1020 kg, it is only 0.000018 as massive. [138] Additional historical information is needed to explain how Enceladus first entered the high-energy state (e.g. The November 2005 images showed the plume's fine structure, revealing numerous jets (perhaps issuing from numerous distinct vents) within a larger, faint component extending out nearly 500km (310mi) from the surface. Rather than parallel sets of grooves, these lanes often appear as bands of crudely aligned, chevron-shaped features. [194], View of trailing hemisphere in natural color, View of Enceladus's orbit from the side, showing Enceladus in relation to Saturn's E ring, Eruptions on Enceladus look like discrete jets, but may be "curtain eruptions" instead, Enceladus possibility of fresh ice detected (September 18, 2020), Enceladus Infrared map view (September 29, 2020), Enceladus (artist concept; February 24, 2020), Enceladus close flyby (October 28, 2015), Enceladus final flyby (December 19, 2015), Photograph of Enceladus, taken by the narrow-angle camera of the, Without samples to provide absolute age determinations, crater counting is currently the only method for determining surface age on most planetary surfaces. https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3023/hydrothermal-activity/, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3020/the-moon-with-the-plume/, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3021/put-a-ring-on-it/, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3022/free-samples/, 10 Things: Dust in the Wind (on Mars and Well Beyond), NASA's LRO Finds Lunar Pits Harbor Comfortable Temperatures, January 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Wolf Moon, or Ice Moon, Are Water Plumes Spraying from Europa? [123] The presence of Enceladus's regionally thick subsurface ocean suggests a heat flux ~10 times higher than that from radiogenic heating in the silicate core.[73]. For Mimas, only a low-energy state is expected to be stable, despite its being closer to Saturn. In addition, an increase in the power of ion cyclotron waves near the orbit of Enceladus was observed, which was further evidence of the ionization of neutral gas. Enceladus [en-SELL-ah-dus] is one of the innermost moons of Saturn. Plumes above the limb of Enceladus feeding the Ering, Before the Cassini mission, little was known about the interior of Enceladus. This page showcases our resources for those interested in learning more about Saturn and Titan. About as wide as Arizona, Enceladus orbits Saturn at a distance of 148,000 miles (238,000 kilometers) between the orbits of two other moons, Mimas and Tethys. The area is also littered with house-sized ice boulders and regions carved by tectonic patterns unique to this region of the moon. [54] Analysis of the CDA and INMS data suggest that the gas cloud Cassini flew through during the July encounter, and observed from a distance with its magnetometer and UVIS, was actually a water-rich cryovolcanic plume, originating from vents near the south pole. From deep below the soil at Earth's polar regions to Pluto's frozen heart, ice exists all over the solar system.and beyond. The first Cassini sighting of a plume of icy particles above Enceladus's south pole came from the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) images taken in January and February 2005,[6] though the possibility of a camera artifact delayed an official announcement. [90] Given Enceladus's relatively high rockmass fraction, the proposed enhancement in 26Al and 60Fe would result in a differentiated body, with an icy mantle and a rocky core. If no sub- or superscripts appear on this page - for example, if the "Mass" is given in units of "(1024 kg)" - you may want to check the notes on the sub- and superscripts. Dunyazad crater is a prime example of a viscously relaxed crater on Enceladus, with a prominent domed floor. And surficial flow is implied in interpretations of Cassini-Hyugens data as showing fluvial channels, which would require sediment transport by surficial flow to form the observable features. At such a low gravity, you cannot run, for the force you would use in a step will send you on a very long jump that may last more than a minute (if you don't hit anything along the way before you touch ground again). The study introduces a theory about a giant impact on the surface of Dione. Data collected by NASA's Cassini spacecraft hints at an unknown methane-producing process at work in the moon's hidden ocean. Enceladus orbits Saturn twice every time Dione, a larger moon, orbits once. The water jets come from relatively warm fractures in the crust, which scientists informally call the tiger stripes. Several gases, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, perhaps a little ammonia and either carbon monoxide or nitrogen gas make up the gaseous envelope of the plume, along with salts and silica. [106] Cassini also found traces of simple organic compounds in some dust grains,[96][107] as well as larger organics such as benzene (C6H6),[108] and complex macromolecular organics as large as 200 atomic mass units,[33][109] and at least 15 carbon atoms in size. 243 Ida, an asteroid designated as a minor planet, has a moon, measuring just 0.99 miles (1.6 km) across on its longest axis. This apparent paradox can be explained in part by temperature-dependent properties of water ice (the main constituent of the interiors of Mimas and Enceladus). [18][36] Its faint apparent magnitude (HV = +11.7) and its proximity to the much brighter Saturn and Saturn's rings make Enceladus difficult to observe from Earth with smaller telescopes. In 2015, the Cassini probe made a close fly-by of Enceladus's south pole, flying within 48.3km (30.0mi) of the surface, as well as through a plume in the process. However, flybys by Cassini provided information for models of Enceladus's interior, including a better determination of the mass and shape, high-resolution observations of the surface, and new insights on the interior.[86][87]. Cassini has since viewed these smooth plains regions, like Sarandib Planitia and Diyar Planitia at much higher resolution. [62] Thickness variations in Enceladus's lithosphere is one explanation for this discrepancy. As of 2006 there were two theories for what could cause such a shift in shape: the orbit of Enceladus may have migrated inward, leading to an increase in Enceladus's rotation rate. Planetary and Space Science. Enceladus is a tiny moon compared to Saturn. However, some linear grooves have been softened like the craters nearby, suggesting that they are older. [74] Cassini's UVIS later observed gas jets coinciding with the dust jets seen by ISS during a non-targeted encounter with Enceladus in October 2007. "Some remarks on the early evolution of Enceladus". Rather than being covered in low-relief ridges, this region is covered in numerous criss-crossing sets of troughs and ridges, similar to the deformation seen in the south polar region. Small water ice particles fly from fissures in the south polar region of Saturn's moon Enceladus in this image taken during the Aug. 13, 2010, flyby of . This means that if you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 250 pounds on Jupiter. This motion is consistent with the current theory of how Saturn's icy moons formed. On Io, volcanism drives the cooling and, thus, the tectonics (ratio of advected to conducted heat 10). Much of Enceladus's surface is covered with craters at various densities and levels of degradation. Yet, its gravitational force has saved the Earth from turning upside down in its orbit or undergoing significant climate changes every few centuries. Twenty years ago, the search for planets outside the Solar System was a job restricted to science-fiction writers. However, its ocean seems to occupy a larger percentage of the planet's volume compared to Earth's, in addition to being buried under a thick sheet of ice. Frozen: Ice on Earth and Well Beyond This February's calendar has . Like many satellites of Saturn discovered prior to the Space Age, Enceladus was first observed during a Saturnian equinox, when Earth is within the ring plane. The interpretation of Enceladus gravity presents a greater difficulty and uncertainty than usual, given the strikingly different appearances of the northern and southern hemisphere and the apparent confinement of endogenic activity to the high southern latitudes. Given the results from the Voyager 2 images, Enceladus was considered a priority target by the Cassini mission planners, and several targeted flybys within 1,500km of the surface were planned as well as numerous, "non-targeted" opportunities within 100,000km of Enceladus. . [60], Cassini observations provided a much closer look at the crater distribution and size, showing that many of Enceladus's craters are heavily degraded through viscous relaxation and fracturing. Examination of the resulting highest-resolution imagery revealed at least five different types of terrain, including several regions of cratered terrain, regions of smooth (young) terrain, and lanes of ridged terrain often bordering the smooth areas. The combined analysis of imaging, mass spectrometry, and magnetospheric data suggests that the observed south polar plume emanates from pressurized subsurface chambers, similar to Earth's geysers or fumaroles. [63][66] Another example of tectonic features on Enceladus are the linear grooves first found by Voyager 2 and seen at a much higher resolution by Cassini. These huge plumes of water vapor erupt through cracks at Enceladus' South Pole. However, the most accurate way to compare these two planets is by their gravity. Its radius is a mere 156 miles (252 kilometers). [26][98], Measurements of Enceladus's "wobble" as it orbits Saturncalled librationsuggests that the entire icy crust is detached from the rocky core and therefore that a global ocean is present beneath the surface. [6] Heating from long-lived radioactive isotopes uranium-238, uranium-235, thorium-232 and potassium-40 inside Enceladus would add 0.3 gigawatts to the observed heat flux. [15] During the two following encounters, the magnetometer team determined that gases in Enceladus's atmosphere are concentrated over the south polar region, with atmospheric density away from the pole being much lower. Enceladus orbits deep in the solar system, at some 800 million miles from Earth. Such a shift would lead to a more oblate shape;[6] or a rising mass of warm, low-density material in Enceladus's interior may have led to a shift in the position of the current south polar terrain from Enceladus's southern mid-latitudes to its south pole. Voyager 2 passed closer to Enceladus (87,010km) on August 26, 1981, allowing higher-resolution images to be obtained. It completes one orbit every 32.9 hours within the densest part of Saturn's E Ring. So, for the foreseeable future, planetary scientists must comb through the data collected by the Cassini probe. Enceladus In Depth. NASA Administrator Bill Nelson laid out the path forward for early Artemis missions that will pave the way for lunar surface missions. At Enceladus, it appears that cryovolcanism occurs because water-filled cracks are periodically exposed to vacuum, the cracks being opened and closed by tidal stresses.[83][84][85]. [22] Some of the water vapor falls back as "snow"; the rest escapes and supplies most of the material making up Saturn's Ering. These numbers might be confusing, but what it means is that there is very little and almost no gravity on Enceladus. Unlike Earth's Moon, Enceladus does not appear to librate more than 1.5 about its spin axis. In addition, to the extent that tides produce heat along fractures, libration may affect the magnitude and distribution of such tidal shear heating. Because Mimas, being smaller, would cool more rapidly than Enceladus, its window of opportunity for initiating orbital resonance-driven convection would have been considerably shorter. Its orbit, like the earth's, lies pretty much in the ecliptic plane. The study found that nitrogen-bearing and oxygen-bearing amines were likely present, with significant implications for the availability of amino acids in the internal ocean. [71], One of these areas of "blue" ice in the south polar region was observed at high resolution during the July 14, 2005, flyby, revealing an area of extreme tectonic deformation and blocky terrain, with some areas covered in boulders 10100 m across. Viscously relaxed craters tend to have domed floors, or are recognized as craters only by a raised, circular rim. The smooth plains, which Voyager 2 had observed, resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small ridges and scarps. NASA has selected SpaceX to provide launch services for Earths first mission to conduct detailed investigations of Jupiter's moon Europa. Since the ocean in Enceladus supplies the jets, and the jets produce Saturns E ring, to study material in the E ring is to study Enceladus ocean. [100][101][102][103] For comparison, Earth's ocean has an average depth of 3.7 kilometers. [64], Voyager 2 found several types of tectonic features on Enceladus, including troughs, scarps, and belts of grooves and ridges. Researchers at NASAs Glenn Research Center in Cleveland have imagined a new, early-stage concept for a lander to Saturns moon Titan. [12][70][128], The observed power output of 4.7 gigawatts is challenging to explain from tidal heating alone, so the main source of heat remains a mystery. This included gravity measurements . NASAs Hubble Space Telescope has completed this year's grand tour of the outer solar system. [54][55], The Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) "detected a large increase in the number of particles near Enceladus", confirming it as the primary source for the Ering. The European Space Agency (ESA) was assessing concepts in 2008 to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan: Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM). For a same-temperature approximation, the expected value of qtid for Mimas is about 40 times that of Enceladus. [6] However, the current shape also supports the possibility that Enceladus is not in hydrostatic equilibrium, and may have rotated faster at some point in the recent past (with a differentiated interior). Enceladus is currently in a 2:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with Dione, completing two orbits around Saturn for every one orbit completed by Dione. This page showcases our resources for those interested in learning more about ocean worlds. Radioactive decay in its core may have initially heated it,[122] giving it a warm core and a subsurface ocean, which is now kept above freezing through unidentified mechanisms. To most of us, dust is an annoyance. Ganymede Ranking from least to most, the list includes: Enceladus, Triton, Dione, Pluto, Earth, with Europa, Callisto, Titan and Ganymede have the most liquid water by volume. By the Numbers. High angular momentum of Moon/Earth system (combined = 1 rotation/5 hours) Density of Moon - 3 gm/cm 3 , depleted in Fe compared to Earth; Strong volatile depletion; Primordial magma ocean (high temperatures) Rotational fission a. George Darwin hypothesized in 1880 that the Moon formed from the outer layers of a rapidly spinning proto-Earth. Enceladus as viewed from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. Our study suspects a relatively low-velocity (5 km/s) collision between a c.a. Like many other satellites in the extensive systems of the giant planets, Enceladus is trapped in an orbital resonance. [171] Cassini performed a flyby on October 28, 2015, passing as close as 49km (30mi) and through a plume. [165] Images acquired from this distance had very poor spatial resolution, but revealed a highly reflective surface devoid of impact craters, indicating a youthful surface. Our 2021 round-up of NASA planetary science is packed with the years most spectacular images, ground-breaking discoveries, and incredible mission events. ocean worlds like Ganymede, Titan, Europa and Enceladus, and plume worlds like Europa and Enceladus. [65], Two regions of smooth plains were observed by Voyager 2. This area is on the opposite side of Enceladus from Sarandib and Diyar Planitiae, suggesting that the placement of these regions is influenced by Saturn's tides on Enceladus. Diones gravity stretches Enceladus orbit into an elliptical shape, so Enceladus is sometimes closer and other times farther from Saturn, causing tidal heating within the moon. Initial mass estimates from the Voyager program missions suggested that Enceladus was composed almost entirely of water ice. [144], Enceladus ejects plumes of salted water laced with grains of silica-rich sand,[145] nitrogen (in ammonia),[146] and organic molecules, including trace amounts of simple hydrocarbons such as methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), acetylene (C2H2) and formaldehyde (CH2O), which are carbon-bearing molecules. And enormous Titan may have a subsurface water ocean of its own. The ocean may be 10 kilometers (6.2mi) deep at the south pole. They generally have low relief and have far fewer craters than in the cratered terrains, indicating a relatively young surface age. Cassini images show these regions filled with low-relief ridges and fractures, probably caused by shear deformation. the tall man aboriginal spirit; metadata api request failed: component conversion failed: file_ended; caleb foote sandlot However, unlike those seen on Ganymede, grooved topography on Enceladus is generally more complex. [67], Images taken by Cassini during the flyby on July 14, 2005, revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. Under Icy Surface of a Saturn Moon Lies a Sea of Water, Scientists Say Enceladus as viewed from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. The Enceladus Orbilander would be launched on a similarly affordable rocket, but would cost about $5 billion, and be designed to endure eighteen months in orbit inspecting Enceladus' plumes before landing and spending two Earth years conducting surface astrobiology research. The camera aboard NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft imaged Saturn on Oct. 13, 2021. [105][106][147] This indicates that hydrothermal activity an energy source may be at work in Enceladus's subsurface ocean. It is a little more than 9.5 times further from the sun than is the earth, and almost twice as distant from the sun as Jupiter. Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn (19th largest in the Solar System). [6] Enceladus is only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's Moon. NASA-funded scientists have discovered shaded locations within pits on the Moon that always hover around a comfortable 63 F. From deep below the soil at Earths polar regions to Plutos frozen heart, ice exists all over the solar systemand beyond. It orbits at a distance 148,000 miles (238,000 kilometers). A technique for scanning Mars rocks for microscopic fossils is also being developed to hunt for microbes on Enceladus, Titan, and Europa. It includes activities that can be done at home as well as videos, animations, stories, and articles. The shadows cast by the roughness of the Moons surface create small cold spots for water ice to accumulate even during the harsh lunar daytime. By measuring the effect of such deflections on the frequency of Cassini's signal as the orbiter traveled past Enceladus, the scientists were able to learn about the moon's gravitational field. The moon creates a ring of its own as it orbits Saturnits spray of icy particles spreads out into the space around its orbit, circling the planet to form Saturns E ring. [60], Impact cratering is a common occurrence on many Solar System bodies. This makes Ganymede even larger than the planet Mercury, which has a diameter of 3,032 miles (4,879 kilometers). Glein's team tried to create the most comprehensive chemical model to date of the ocean by accounting for compositional constraints from both INMS and CDA, such as the salinity of the plume.Their model suggests that Enceladus has a sodium, chloride and carbonate ocean with an alkaline pH of 11 or 12, close to the equivalent of ammonia or soapy water. If Ganymede formed in orbit around the Sun rather than Jupiter, it would likely be defined as a planet. At Thanksgiving gatherings, food is shared, leftovers are coveted, and different people have different specialties. [50][51] Readings from Cassini's 2005 passage suggested that cryovolcanism, where water and other volatiles are the materials erupted instead of silicate rock, had been discovered on Enceladus. The answers to many remaining mysteries of Enceladus had to wait until the arrival of the Cassini spacecraft on July 1, 2004, when it entered orbit around Saturn. [163][164], The two Voyager spacecraft made the first close-up images of Enceladus. It ranks sixth in both mass and size among the satellites of Saturn, after Titan (5,150 km), Rhea (1,530 km), Iapetus (1,440 km), Dione (1,120 km) and Tethys (1,050 km). Currently, these spots are interpreted as collapse pits within these ridged plain belts. Enceladus is 1,272,000,000km = 0.00013445ly away from Earth Physical Properties Enceladus' surface made up of mostly of nearly pure water ice except near its south pole, where there are light organics, CO2, and amorphous and crystalline water ice, mostly in the region called the "tiger stripes." But these tiny particles that float about and settle on surfaces play an important role across the solar system. Design & Development: While Earth's history of magmatism is known to significantly contribute to the evolution of its atmosphere, Enceladus' gravity at the surface, a hundred times smaller, rather enables its volcanic activity to shape its orbital environment.
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