AD 33 is a generally accepted year of His crucifixion. Thus, his statement taken in whole does not exclude that there may have been other unusually long eclipses of the sun of which he was awareperhapsmanymorebut regarding which he did not elaborate. As explained, we believe that the darkness referred to by Phlegon is the same darkness referred to in Matthew 27:45. Thus says the LORD, Let not a wise man boast of his wisdom, and let not the mighty man boast of his might, let not a rich man boast of his riches; but let him who boasts boast of this, that he understands and knows Me . This argument is sufficient to diffuse the skeptics argument with regard to Pliny. (The Olympics began in 776 B.C., and by counting every fourth year you come to the 202 nd Olympiad, and the fourth year of same is 33 A.D.) Most I would not always agree with him on some interpretational points but he does well in analyzing the crucifixion date question. It also gives a link to download Lightfoot's entire New Testament commentaries in four volumes as free PDF files. To recap, according to Eusebius' Chronicon tables, the 2nd year of the 202nd Olympiad is equated alongside the 16th year of Tiberius. The span of distance between Bythnia and Jerusalem would have put the earthquake in a cataclysmic category, and the evidence confirmed by science supports that conclusion. Here, too, we see an Apostle feared not to mention the event precisely because it was already widely known among his readers. Let us, briefly, consider the case for the historicity of this event by first quoting the relevant gospel accounts. We have already cited the Acts of the Apostles, the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, Tertullian, Africanus, the 1st century historian Thallus, and the 2nd century historian, Phlegon, and these sufficiently demonstrate the historicity of the Crucifixion darkness. The ancient Olympic Games were held every four years for almost 1,100 years. Contact Dr Richard Kent and recommendations, Bible Prophecy Concerning The Crucifixion, The Blood Covenant In Relation To The Crucifixion, Recording of The Crucifixion by Contemporary Historians, The Three Hour Period Of Darkness Is Confirmed By Many Historians, The Ad 33 Date Of The Crucifixion According To Phlegon, A Secular Greek Historian, The Ad 33 Date Of The Crucifixion From Bible Prophecy, Caiaphas Prophesied About The Crucifixion, In Gethsemane Jesus Sweated Blood, The Disciples Slept, And Judas Betrayed Jesus Christ, Judas Iscariot Betrayed Jesus Christ For Thirty Pieces Of Silver, The Timing Of The Night Before The Crucifixion, Jesus Christ Stood In Our Place At The Six Trials, Jesus Was Condemned To Death For "blasphemy", The Crowd Choose Barabbas Rather Than Jesus. In the Jewish calendar, the first month of a new year was called Nisan. I am a follower of Jesus Christ, the One who saved me, and my goal is to spread the gospel and all the evidence for Christianity! 12:40, Matt. We also know from the New Testament that at that time Caiaphas was the Jewish High Priest (Caiaphas is mentioned in Jewish writings) and Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea. It was not until the sixteenth century that the Jewish calendar was formally defined precisely. In chapter 28, Matthew provides an accountprobably sourced to either one of the guards and or a Jewish elderof how the guards were bribed, and the lie was spread that the disciples had stolen the body of Jesus (cf Matthew 28:1-15). He has written apologetic articles and is working on a historical-adventure trilogy, set during the time of the Arian crisis. He said, "A day and a night are an Onah, and the portion of an Onah is as the whole of it." This is done carefully in Humphreys book [1]. There are also complicated issues about various calendar systems in use at the time of Christ that create confusion. Earthquake and rocks split open What constitutes good historical evidence? According to NASA, there WAS an actual solar eclipse in the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad: http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/0001-0100/33-09-12.gif. The Bible is indeed confirmed by science, archaeology and history. [citation needed]. Bugnolan Conclave in surprise move, elects Bergoglio! The 12 Foundation Stones in New Jerusalem. 776 BC = Olympiad 1, not 0. First, there are differences between the synoptic gospels in the New Testament and the gospel of John that have puzzled Bible scholars. And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord, shall be saved. These historians even mention the darkening of the sky and the earthquake which the gospels describe at the time of the crucifixion. The gospel of Luke mentions that John the Baptist began his ministry in the 15th year of Ceasar Tiberius (Luke 3:1-3). I found further confirmation of this earthquake from other sources that also dates it in the year 33 AD. Jesus ministry described in the gospels requires either 2 or 3 years, considering the number of times the Passover events occur in the gospels. There too, nobody could give a plausible explanation. For these are not drunk, as you suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day: But this is that which was spoken of by the prophet Joel: And it shall come to pass, in the last days, (saith the Lord,) I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams. The 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad is from July 32 to June 33 CE, which confirms the date of 3 April 33 CE. Emma Southon: "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them". So that means there has been at least some investigation of it by geologists though I do not know how much. Being written within a dozen years of the Crucifixion, many of Matthews readers would have been witnesses to the three hour darkness which had fallen over the earth (cf Matthew 27: 45) years before. Some evidence suggests that Jesus was born in 2 BC and Herod died shortly after. There are some uncertainties in the Olympiad numbering system but it seems from various sources the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad would be either AD 32 or AD 33. Donations to this ministry aretax-deductible. The second quote is recorded by Philopon. Only one earthquake in this span of years came up in the results, in 33 AD The database showed two published geological sources regarding this earthquake. Peter reminds his hearers these things were done in the midst of you, as you also know. Clearly, Peter referenced an eventthe three hour darkening of the sunwhich waspreviouslywitnessed by all hearing him that day. College Press Publishing Co. Joplin, Missouri. It would be absurd to think that Peter would have asserted that his hearers had witnessed the darkening of the sun if they in fact had not. The first quote below is unique to Origen. So, it is possible, if not probable, that Jesus was born on 31st March, 4BCE certainly in that March anyhow. The ancient world still has historical buildings standing to this day built two millennium ago; wouldnt it be logical to build an extremely strong building that could withstand an earthquake in an earthquake-prone location? The Romans, for example, are known to have have kept archives which included data on eclipses of the moon and sun. One of the geological sources is from a British scientific conference in 1853 and the other is from 1985, from a geological conference in Japan. But Peter standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and spoke to them: Ye men of Judea, and all you that dwell in Jerusalem, be this known to you, and with your ears receive my words. The Crucifixion darknesswould have been observable to many hundreds of thousands of peopleif not millions. Sure, its certainly possible to wildly claim an earthquake happened somewhere, at some time, as they occur on Earth all the time; I could generalize that a major earthquake hit San Francisco in 1900, as I was born approximately 80 years later and have no direct source, but would I be inaccurate in claiming that? The Text Widget allows you to add text or HTML to your sidebar. But why is this significant, if it doesnt even validate darkness during the Crucifixion as referenced in the Gospels? The 202nd Olympiad has been calculated to run from July AD 29 to June AD 33. The writings on the crucifixion of the historians from the first and second centuries is very interesting. Of all these verses, only Matt. !, The audience was rowdy now. There are a variety of opinions on this question. It was recorded by a Pagan author who had no desire to promote Christianity yet he confirmed the Bible record! Some Christian scholars argue Jesus was crucified on Thursday and some even hold to a Wednesday crucifixion. Note that the path of this eclipse was over present-day Russia. Next, we consider the Gospel of Matthew. by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973), vol. In order to make it, the skeptic must demonstrate that the other surviving ancient sources we do havecertainlywould have mentioned the darkness if it had happenedandthat there is no sufficient reason why these sources excluded it. Is this a powerful confirmation of the events described in the New Testament? Adding these figures up, we find that Jesus began proclaiming the good news of the Kingdom of heaven when he was 33 years old. This firmly connects Jesus and the gospels to Roman history. At His own free-will, He with a word dismissed from Him His spirit, anticipating the executioners work. The darkness and earthquake were evident not just in Jerusalem but also in Nicea which is over 300 miles away from Jerusalem! . He was a Greek historian who lived in Asia Minor during the first century. The evidence also shows it likely to have been a magnitude 5.5. event bed is another distinctive mixed layer less than one inch thick. A solar eclipse supposedly occurred during a full moon. The reality is, Plinys statement is not evidence against the Crucifixion darkness. However, if the crucifixion were on a Wednesday or Thursday this does not seem to fit the proper timing in the Jewish Passover week. Every person needs to deal with the questions of who Jesus is and what his death means. Among these is a very interesting quote below from a Christian scholar quoting an earlier Roman historian named Phlegon (first and second century). It is important to note that 1) an eclipse of the sun cannot occur during a full moon since the moon would be on the opposite side of the earth and 2) that Jesus died on Passover during a full moon. Jeremiah 9:23-24. All rights reserved. From the work of Phlegon we can work out the date of the Crucifixion. The reader should note that Phlegons comment that an eclipse of the sun occurred during Jesus death was impossible (see Thallus) since the Jewish Passover occurs during a full moon. Modern context of the calendar of ancient Olympics would put the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad at July 32-33AD. Dont believe me? The Bible is Gods book of love and redemption. Check Huffpost. Last Olympiad: Next Olympiad: 1st year: Begins 29-07-01/02: Hekatombaion 29 Metageitnion 29 Boedromion 30 Puanepsion 29 Maimakterion 30 Poseideon . It amounts, in effect, to asserting the following:leaving aside all the evidence youdohave, you do not have anyotherevidence. Thus, the skeptic discards all evidence against his case, and then declares victory: aha, you have nootherproof!The reality is, there is no reason to set aside the sources and evidence we do have. On the subject of unusually long eclipses of the sun, Pliny states the following: Eclipses of the sun also take place which are portentous and unusually long,such asoccurred when Csar the Dictator was slain, and in the war against Antony, the sun remained dim for almost a whole year(Pliny the Elder,Natural History,II, 30) [Italics added]. . Thus, if the quote is accurate, and Phlegons eclipse has not been conflated with one which occurred in 29 A.D., then Phlegon is another source who supports the Crucifixion darkness. The first Olympiad was conducted in 776 BC. The third quote is from Julius Africanus and the last is from Jerome. The Cancellation Of The Curse Of Death, And The Free Gift Of Eternal Life, The Cancellation Of The Curse Of Sickness, And The Availability Of Supernatural Health, The Cancellation Of The Curse Of Poverty, And The Availability Of Gods Supernatural Abundance, Victory Over Satan Won At The Crucifixion, Accreditation, Acknowledgements and Legal notices for Crucifixion, Contact Dr Richard Kent and Recommendation. Even if the darkness had not been seen throughout the whole empire, word of it would have spread to Rome as the center of government and commerce. If your sunset occurs later than sunset in Athens, the event may occur on the previous day . Jesus was thus the true final Passover Lamb and he died at the time the passover lambs was normally sacrificed. This sediment outcrop is a distinctive one-foot thick mixed layer of sediment that is tied strongly to the Qumran earthquakes onshore ground ruptures of 31 B.C. However, we might venture to reasonably speculate why Plinyif he had known of the Crucifixion darknesschosenot to include it in his examples. The expression "three days and three nights" then becomes a special idiom that had a different meaning to the Jews than the way we would use it today. The above said, we may venture still further in suggesting another reason for theseemingsilence. In sum, the words of Tertullian and Africanus show us that in ancient times onlythe explanation of the causeof the three hour darkness was in dispute,not the fact of it. "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse [Greek EKLEIPSIS] of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the 6th hour the day was changed into night and the stars were seen in the heavens. The Biblical Astronomer, 8(84). First, is what I would call deduction from all available information. Phlegons citation is a fragment from Olympiades he Chronika 13, ed. April 3 would be the Julian Calendar date; the same day on today's Gregorian calendar is April 1, 33 A.D. Julian dates are usually used by historians and Bible scholars for events in this time in history. [3]. He stated that in the 19th year of Tiberius and the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., AD 33), a large eclipse occurred which turned day to night around the sixth hour (noon), and an earthquake destroyed many houses in the city of Nicaea. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour fails on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun. I have wondered if an astronomical body accounted for some aspects of the Deluge, such tidal effects on the waters. The first of the two speakers stepped forward again. He made a famous statement to explain how days were counted for certain ceremonial purposes. Little is known about Phlegon, but he made reference to Christ. He lived up to the death of the emperor Augustus in 14CE and we know from Luke that his ministry began in the 15th year of Augustus successor, Tiberius. Phlegon Darkness occurred when Christ was crucified, an eclipse of the sun cannot occur during a full moon since the moon would be on the opposite side of the earth. But what has an eclipse in common with an earthquake, the rending rocks, and the resurrection of the dead, and so great a perturbation throughout the universe? Created With Love By Bright Mark Media LLC. Tertullian, Apologeticus, Chapter 21, 19, Christian Evidence was created to enable Christians to defend their faith, and to open their eyes up to the overwhelming evidence for Christianity. It is impossible to have the Moon block the Sun at Full Moon, which is when Passover took place. Since Marks written gospel contains an account of the Crucifixion darkness, it follows that Peter included this event in his oral preaching. Though historical data may be sketchy on some issues sometimes, regarding Christ's crucifixion, the evidence we have confirming the New Testament is I think very persuasive. What about all the other earthquakes that have hit California in the first part of the 20th century? He quotes Phlegon as stating it was the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, conflicting with Africanus who quotes Phlegon as stating it was the 2nd year; He asserts this occurred at the Passover both in the 18th year of Tiberius (spring 32AD) and in Olympiad 202.4 (spring 33AD); Sure, there is a degree of speculation as to whether this actually was an occurrence during the Crucifixion (I fully realize there a 10-year swing is 3650-ish days according to modern calendar, which means a .0274% chance that it was on the actual day), but here again is evidence that the transcription from ancient origins thatPhlegon relied on and passed to writers who referenced his collected materials is scientifically plausible. If your sunset occurs later than sunset in Athens, the event may occur on the previous day . And calculation makes out that the period of 70 weeks, as noted in Daniel, is completed at this time. Julius Africanus, Chronography, 18.1. The Historical Jesus. Edit them in the Widget section of the, Repost: The Historicity of the Crucifixion Darkness. Another writer, a Christian historian named Sextus Julius Africanus, also commented about Phlegon's writings which connect the above event to the the crucifixion: "Phlegon records that, in the time of Tiberius Csar, at full moon, there was a full eclipse of the sun from the sixth hour to the ninth - manifestly that one of which we speak. Julius Africanus quoted from the Olympiades a section no longer in existence which said this darkening if the sun happened at the time of the full moon. In Phlegon's Olympiades we are told it happened in the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad which is AD 33. Phlegon of Tralles was a first century secular Greek historian born not long after the Crucifixion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics#/media/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg. We do not know what other sources that Africanuswho established a library for Severus Alexander might have had at his disposal with regard to Phlegons writings. subject for a long time and yours is the best Ive discovered till now. Historical Testimony The maximum duration for a total solar eclipse is seven minutes, not three hours, and at the latitude of Jerusalem the maximum duration is even less. The Olympiades can be used as a useful means of establishing a time-line. However, history provides a sufficient answer as to why such documentary evidence has not survived on these topics of great interest. Is it accurate? Is there historical evidence for the darkness & earthquake at the crucifixion? The audience was quieter now and gave the speakers the respectful hearing that they deserved. To me it seems the place to start with deduction from all the available information is with John the Baptist. Regarding thissame2nd century historian, Africanus also wrote: Phlegon records that, in the time of Tiberius Caesar, at full moon, there was a full eclipse of the sun from the sixth hour to the ninth manifestly that one of which we speak(Sextus Africanus,Fragment 18. Colin Humphreys estimates that Jesus' ministry began in 30 A.D. Why has it been so difficult to determine the exact date of Jesus' death and the dates of the last week of his life? It should then not come as a surprise to us that Pliny, who scorned the idea of God and religion (cfNatural HistoryI, 5), would pass over in silence this world-portent now claimed by and associated with the Christian religion, which wasat that time he wrotea portent of a persecuted, criminal and maligned sect. Phlegon, born about A.D. 80, was a secular historian who lived in the second century. (see Figure 2 below). 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